Haemorrhoids arise from congestion of internal and/or external venous congestion around the anal canal. Depending on their severity, haemorrhoids are classified into four groups.
The first group comprises haemorrhoids that bleed but do not prolapse outside of the anal canal; the second group comprises haemorrhoids that prolapse outside of the anal canal, usually upon defecation, but retract spontaneously. The haemorrhoids in the third group require
The term “haemorrhoid” refers to a condition in which the veins around the anus or lower rectum are swollen and inflamed. Haemorrhoids may result from straining to move stool. Other contributing factors include pregnancy, aging, chronic constipation, diarrhea, or anal intercourse. Haemorrhoids are both inside and above the anus (internal) or under the skin around the anus (external).
Haemorrhoids cause itching, pain or bleeding of swollen tissues and varicose veins located in the anus and rectum. Fortunately, haemorrhoids can be treated easily, and may be prevented in many cases. Since the condition of haemorrhoids almost always tends to get worse over the years, safe, gentle, and effective treatment for haemorrhoids are advocated as soon as they occur.
The purpose of the medical tests is to determine whether a person suffers from osteoporosis, has low bone density and an increased osteoporosis risk, is menopausal and/or has hormonal deficiencies, or an underlying deficiency causing the exacerbation of the bone mass loss.
Tests may be performed to assess the bone density loss, the bone health following a fracture or to monitor the efficiency of the osteoporosis treatment. The imaging diagnosis – a paraclinical investigation – is used to perform osteodensitometry, the main osteoporosis diagnosis test.
Human body bones are not static, as illustrated in specialty literature pictures. Bones continuously change throughout a person’s life, with certain bone cells that dissolve and new cells that develop as part of a process referred to as bone remodelling. Through this remodelling process, a large portion of the human skeleton is replaced every 10 years.
In osteoporotic persons, bone resorption is quicker than the development of the new bone tissue. The bones become porous, fragile and they are predisposed to fractures. The X-ray of a normal bone density hip shows a dense bone cell
The bones of people suffering from osteoporosis are thin and very fragile. “Osteo” comes from the Greek “osteon”, which means “bone”, while “porosis” comes from the Greek word “poros”, meaning “hole, passage”. According to the medical dictionary Medilexicon, osteoporosis is a “Reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue; an age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and loss of normal skeletal microarchitecture, leading to increased susceptibility to fractures”.
In the UK, approximately 3 million people suffer from osteoporosis, , with an annual rate of approximately 230,000 fractures, according to the data published by the National Health Service (NHS).
